Seconds after Terry Ratzmann walked into the Living Church of God service March 12, 2005, he fired 22 bullets at the people gathered there. When the handgun fell silent a minute later, eight people were dead, including Ratzmann, a regular churchgoer known for sharing homegrown vegetables with his neighbors.

No one who knew Ratzmann, 44, expected him to be violent, although some said he had grappled with depression and was about to lose his job.

Police said that he had walked out of a meeting at the suburban Milwaukee, Wisconsin, church two weeks earlier, apparently upset about a sermon.

When gunfire rang out during the church service, so did screams of panic. Part of the 80-person congregation hit the floor, others sheltered loved ones, and at least one tried persuading the shooter to stop.

What Would You Do?

What would you do if someone entered your church and began shooting? Hit the floor? Run? Try to reach your children? How quickly could you devise a plan for survival?

“Your first option is to escape,” says John Nicoletti, a security consultant who has co-written books on preventing workplace and school violence. Nicoletti, a police psychologist for more than 25 years, was on the front lines of the 1999 Columbine High School massacre in Littleton, Colorado. Subsequently, he interviewed students, consulted authorities, and reviewed scores of other school shootings to develop an overview of school violence in America.

Five Options for Survival

His research revealed that people threatened by a potential killer have five options for survival. In order of success, they are:

• Getting away
• Locking down
• Concealment
• Playing dead
• Confronting the attacker

These same options would apply to a church setting, he said, noting that nothing is absolute and that every situation must be evaluated on its own merits.

1. Getting Away. Escaping from someone who may be trying to kill you generally produces the best survival rate, he said, but people don’t instinctively realize this.
   • Don’t Rely on Instinct. “You have to know that ahead of time, or the brain will resort to fight or flight,” Nicoletti advised. He noted that several students killed during the Virginia Tech shooting April 16, 2007, simply froze when confronted by a student wielding a gun. “If you rely on instinct, it’s not going to help you,” he said.
   • Educate Your Congregation. That’s why churches need to tell congregations how to respond to violent situations and outline the best means of escape. Every time you fly on a commercial airline, you’re reminded about safety procedures and how to find the nearest exit, Nicoletti said. Very few churches do the same. “If an incident goes down, pandemonium will ensue,” he said, “because people don’t know what to do.”
2. Locking Down. The second option is to lock and barricade doors, then move away from them to avoid gunfire. The Virginia Tech killer shot through closed doors, but he didn’t take the time to kick doors in. He moved on to easier targets, Nicoletti said.Locking down may be tougher for churches than for elementary schools, because many don’t have rooms with locks on them, he said. Ideally, the children’s area should be secured by a single set of solid doors that teachers could quickly lock, protecting everyone inside.
3. Concealment. If the first two options aren’t possible, fall to the floor and take cover under pews, chairs, or other objects. “Hide under stuff,” Nicoletti suggested. “They tend to look for vertical people more so than horizontal people.”
4. Playing Dead. This is one of the more difficult options. It requires people to have already been shot, and you have to really look dead, Nicoletti said. This isn’t easy when you’re battling hysteria.
5. Confronting the Attacker. This is your last resort. It should not be attempted unless all hope is lost, Nicoletti said. While highly controversial, active resistance is what halted a Springfield, Oregon, school shooting in 1998, he said.
   How Vulnerable are Churches?Primary schools are better prepared to deal with mass shootings than colleges or churches, he said, because they were forced to confront the possibility after the Columbine massacre. “Various churches will say ‘It won’t happen here,’” Nicoletti said. “Like college campuses, churches are very vulnerable.”False Sense of Security. There are both physical and psychological reasons for churches’ vulnerability. Churches typically don’t have many locked doors, don’t require identification cards to get in, and don’t have security cameras monitoring everyone who enters. Also, people generally feel safe when they enter a church. “They focus on the business of churchgoing,” he said. “They don’t focus on safety.”Fear of Panic. Some church leaders may shy away from sharing emergency response procedures with their congregation because they fear people could panic. They believe a myth, he said. “In an airplane, you don’t panic people when you tell them where the emergency exits are,” Nicoletti said. “Most people would say, ‘I’d like to know where the exits are.’”
   Plan AheadYour church may never face the sudden violence that struck the Living Church of God. But it’s reassuring to know that with some advance planning, you can help your congregation be prepared and increase your members’ chance of survival if a violent attack were to occur.Visit our Church Security page for more help>>John Nicoletti co-founded Nicoletti Associates in Lakewood, Colorado, with his wife, Lottie Flatter. He has conducted hundreds of workshops, training seminars, and consultations across the United States. His firm has recently started consulting work for churches.

Emergency preparedness for churches used to mean having a plan for responding to reports of fires and severe weather. Today, churches must also be prepared to deal with crises created by violent people, such as shootings.

Many people find it hard to believe that such things could happen at their ministry, says Brock Bell, senior manager of risk control at Brotherhood Mutual Insurance Company. Bell travels the country each year, advising churches how to reduce their risks.

“It’s kind of like lightning,” Bell says. “You know it’s out there, but you never expect it to hit you.”

While outbreaks of violence at church seem unthinkable, they’re happening with increasing frequency. Just type “church shooting” into your Internet browser and see how many results appear. Browsing the list makes you realize that violence can happen anywhere, even in the smallest communities.

Fortunately, you can take steps to prepare for many situations in a way that will improve your ministry’s ability to respond quickly and appropriately.

“A traumatic incident can only get worse if you’re not prepared,” Brock says. “While you can’t make the risk go away, you can manage it by doing what a prudent person would do to prepare for it.”

Assess Risks

For each ministry you operate, consider possible threats that could emerge. Imagine what would happen on weekends when the sanctuary is full or on weekdays when a handful of staff are present. Don’t forget to consider what could happen at a school, preschool, or day care center you operate.

For example, could an angry father enter a children’s wing, demanding to have a child no longer in his custody? What barriers are in place to stop him? This is a time to imagine worst-case scenarios. Developing your response will come later.

Consider these possibilities:

• An estranged boyfriend stalking his ex-girlfriend at church
• An agitated man entering the building, looking for someone
• A group of people standing outside, hurling insults at people entering the church
• A person seeking assistance who pulls out a knife when denied the help sought

What would you do if one of these situations were to erupt? Does your church have a safety team or a response plan to guide staff and volunteers? For more great questions, download our Responding To Church Violence checklist. 

Once you have listed possible threats, determine the probability of each event happening. 
What impact would each emergency have on people, property, and the ministry?

Now you have a better picture of the risks your ministry will need to address.

Develop a Plan

Creating a  violence response plan involves assessing your ministry’s individual situation, determining how to respond, and practicing what to do if it happens.
In many ways, it’s identical to creating a disaster response plan for weather-related events. The only difference is the type of threats you face.

You’ll need more than one person to help you. Enlist a broad cross-section of people, including staff, volunteers, and church members, who can contribute their expertise to the plan. Including people with experience in law enforcement or public safety would be helpful.

Then, make a plan for dealing with crisis situations when they happen. Keep in mind that your response on a Sunday morning might differ drastically from what you would do on a weekday.

Establish Protocol

Your church may already have a plan for dealing with fire or weather emergencies. In many cases, you can modify that plan to deal with incidents of violence in your congregation. Here are some aspects to consider:

Communicating a Threat: If you have a large church, how will you communicate that people need to evacuate because of a threatening intruder? Could you use a public address system or assign certain people to deliver the message to various parts of the church?

Contacting Law Enforcement: Who will call police? Does this person carry a cell phone?

Communicating with the Public: How will you deal with a possibly overwhelming response from people concerned about the situation, including friends, family members, the community, and the media? Do you have one or more spokespeople who could work with each audience?

Evacuation: How will people leave the building, and where do they go afterward? Have you posted evacuation routes and procedures throughout the building? Does your congregation know where to meet after evacuating? Do you have a system for evacuating small children and people with disabilities? How will you know that everyone has gotten out?

Responsibilities: Who will do what? Does your ministry have a current list of all people (on- and off-site) who would respond to a crisis of this nature? Does the list note their responsibilities and their 24-hour telephone numbers? Is anyone responsible for keeping this information up to date?

First aid: How will you treat the injured? Do you have an appropriate first-aid kit that someone checks regularly to make sure all items are available? Are key volunteers and staff trained in first aid and CPR procedures?

Training: How will you ensure that everyone knows what to do in a crisis situation? Does your ministry provide general training regularly to make sure that new people know what to do? Do you update responsibilities as church membership changes?

Coordinate With Others

Talk with first responders, law enforcement, and community disaster response organizations about how you can prepare for violent incidents and respond to them.

Your local school system might be a good resource as well. Since the Columbine High School massacre, many school districts have enlisted professionals to help them prevent violence or protect children from it. School leaders may be able to recommend some safety experts who have conducted training workshops in your area.

Be sure that any expert you choose comes with proper credentials and has experience working with churches.

Conduct Practice Drills

Regularly review and practice what you intend to do during and after an emergency with drills and exercises. Ask someone from an emergency response agency to observe the drill and offer advice for improvement. Repeated practice helps people remember their roles and remain calm during an actual crisis. Drills can also identify problems in your response plan that could be prevented.

Inform the Congregation

Your staff and volunteers aren’t the only ones who need to know what to do during an emergency. If a crisis occurs, people will panic. They need to know the protocol for that particular situation–should they hit the floor, try to subdue an intruder, or start running for the emergency exits?

Parents instinctively will want to retrieve children from other parts of the building, but this can result in chaos and delay. Practice drills can help parents understand how your ministry will protect their children during an emergency.

Consider informing your congregation about emergency policies by using the church bulletin, visitor packets, or handouts for parents that drop off children in the nursery. Regular reminders will be necessary since memories fail and attendees come and go.

Review Your Plan Regularly

Just as your ministry changes over time, so do your preparedness needs. When you hire new employees, launch new ministry initiatives, or expand your building, you should update your plans and inform your staff, volunteers, and congregation.

Preparation Improves Confidence

It’s easy to imagine that something so tragic could never happen at your church, but experience has shown that it could happen anywhere. While it may be impossible to prevent an incident altogether, being prepared to handle violent situations will give you the confidence to face the emergency when it happens.

With sufficient forethought, planning, and practice, you can help ensure that your ministry is as prepared as possible to face violent threats to the congregation.

The CIOVID-19 pandemic has affected the way we do business in a very significant way.  Many businesses are requiring people to work remotely.  Employers are finding that having employees work remotely may be the new normal.

COVID-19 has forced us to become more dependent on the internet, as desperate measures, like social distancing, disrupt economic activity and everyday life.

This new way of doing business could mean that employees are collecting client information from home or other places that may not have the same cyber security as an office network.  In some instances, employees who are working remotely are forced to use their home computers because they do not have a company laptop.

Top Work-from-Home Cyber Concerns

• Unsecured video conferencing
• Using unsecured networks
• Spam and phishing campaigns exploiting the COVID-19 pandemic
• Maintaining security-critical operations, such as patch management
• Supporting employees to ensure they have what they need to work from home without sacrificing security
• Theft of client information from lap tops
• Changes to regular security-critical processes
• Using social media platforms from unsecured networks

What Can Employers Do to Reduce the Threat?

• Do not open email from people you do not know.
• Do not reveal personal or financial information in emails, and do not respond to email solicitations for this information.
• Do not provide personal information to unknown websites or uninvestigated third-party messengers.
• Do not share the virtual meeting URL’s on social media or other public channels.
• Avoid clicking on links in unsolicited emails, and be wary of email attachments.
• Lock your screen if you work in a shared space.
• Provide corporate computers/devices to staff while teleworking, where possible.
• Use secure, password-protected emails when sending documents.
• Ensure that adequate information technology resources are in place to support staff.
• Provide secure video conferencing for corporate clients (both audio/video capabilities).